Technical Details - AMD Phenom II X4: 45nm Benchmarked

2. Technical Details

In switching its production processes over from 65 nm to 45 nm, AMD was able to increase the transistor count in the chip core markedly, while reducing the surface area of the die from 285 mm² down to 258mm². Its overall device count went from roughly 450 million to 758 million.

Beyond simply shrinking the transistors in its Phenom II core, AMD made some notable silicon enhancements that, individually might not be game-changers, but cumulatively enable some of the performance and efficiency increases we'll be exploring further in this story. Most obvious is the 45 nm immersion lithography that minimizes current leakage. The L3 cache, which is up to 6 MB from 2 MB, is also two cycles faster than the previous generation's L3.

In light of AMD's Cool'n'Quiet 3.0 enhancements, which introduce extra power states and slash idle power (more on that shortly), each core's L1 and L2 caches now flush into the shared L3 after the core enters a halt state, allowing lower speeds. Our sample quickly scaled down to 800 MHz during periods of inactivity.

Finally, improved brach prediction, bigger buffers, and optimizations to the way certain instructions execute also give Phenom II significant advantages over the older Phenom.

CPU Model	Athlon X2	Phenom	Phenom II
Dimensions	230 mm²	285 mm²	258 mm²
Transistor Count	227 M	450 M	758

The following table compares technical details of processors from both AMD and Intel:

	AMD Phenom	AMD Phenom II	Intel Core i7	Intel Core 2
Core	Agena / Toliman	Deneb	Bloomfield	Yorkfield / Wolfdale / Kentsfield / Conroe / Allendale
Manufacturing Process	65 nm	45 nm	45 nm	65 nm, 45 nm
Top Clock Speed	2.6 GHz	3.0 GHz	3.2 GHz	3.2 GHz
L1 Cache	64 + 64 KB	64 + 64 KB	32 + 32 KB	32 + 32 KB
L2 Cache	512 KB	512 KB	256 KB	4 MB
L3 Cache	2 MB	6 MB	8 MB	N/A
Max Power (TDP)	140 W	125 W	136 W	136 W
CPU <-> Northbridge	HyperTransport	HyperTransport	Quick Path Interconnect	Front Side Bus
CPU <-> CPU	HyperTransport	HyperTransport	Quick Path Interconnect	Northbridge Internal
Max Clock	3.2 GHz (25.6 GB/s)	3.2 GHz (25.6 GB/s)	6.4 GT/s (12.8 GB/s)	400 MHz (12.8 GB/s)
Min Clock	800 MHz (6.4 GB/s)	800 MHz (6.4 GB/s)	4.8 GT/s (9.0 GB/s)	200 MHz (6.4 GB/s)
Reference Clock	200 MHz	200 MHz	133 MHz	400 MHz, 333 MHz, 266 MHz, 200 MHz
64-bit Support	x86-64	x86-64	EM64T	EM64T
Hyper-Threading	N/A	N/A	Yes	N/A
Multimedia Extensions	MMX 3DNow! SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSE 4a	MMX 3DNow! SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSE 4a	MMX SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSSE3 SSE4.1 SSE 4.2	MMX SSE SSE2 SSE3 SSSE3 SSE4.1
Virtualization	Pacifica	Pacifica	VT	VT
Energy Saving	Cool’n’Quiet	Cool’n’Quiet 3.0	Enchanced Halt State (C1E), SpeedStep	Enchanced Halt State (C1E), SpeedStep
Thermal Protection	Thermal Diode	Thermal Diode	Thermal Monitor 2	Thermal Monitor 2
Virus Protection	XD bit	XD bit	XD bit	XD bit
Trusted Execution	Presidio	Presidio	LaGrande Technology	LaGrande Technology
Active Management	No	No	iAMT2 (V-Pro)	iAMT2 (V-Pro)

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